Effects of Process Parameters on the Characteristics of Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by One-Step and Two-Step Sequential Coating

In this paper, two-step sequential spin-dip and spin-spin coating, as well as one-step spin coating, methods are used to fabricate methylammonium lead mixed-halide perovskites to study the effect of process parameters, including the choice of the solvent, annealing temperature, spin velocity, and dipping time on the characteristics of the perovskite film. Our results show that using a mixture of DMF and DMSO, with volume ratio of 1:1, as the organic solvents for PbCl2 results in the best mixed-halide perovskite because of the effective coordination between DMSO and PbCl2. Surface dewetting due to two effects, i.e., crystallization and thin liquid film instability, is observed and discussed, where an intermediate spin velocity of about 4000 rpm is found suitable to suppress dewetting. The perovskite film fabricated using the one-step method followed by anti-solvent treatment shows the best perovskite conversion in XRD patterns, and the planar device fabricated using the same method exhibited the highest efficiency among the employed methods. The perovskite layer made by sequential spin-dip coating is found thicker with higher absorbance, but the device shows a lower efficiency because of the challenges associated with perovskite conversion in the sequential method. The one-step deposition method is found easier to control and more promising than the sequential deposition methods.